AMPA
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The glutamate system represents an attractive molecular target in the treatment of epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s chorea), schizophrenia, ischemia, pain, alcoholism and mood disorders[1].
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) is an artificial glutamate analogue. Its receptor (originally named quisqualate receptor) is a non-NMDA-type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Like all ionotropic glutamate receptors, it consists of tetramers of four different types of subunits (GluR1-GluR4). The AMPA receptor GluA2 (GluR2) tetramer was the first and currently only glutamate receptor ion channel to be crystallized[2].
Kainate, a natural product, is an excitotoxic glutamate analogue produced by an algae, while NMDA is N-methyl-d-aspartate. Although all three glutamate receptor subtypes respond to glutamate, they can be distinguished by their response to these artificial agonists. Their distribution in the brain, physiological function, and mechanism and kinetics of activation and regulation are very different[3]. In two ways, the NMDA receptor is distinct from the other LGICs. First, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent. Second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either d-serine or glycine. What’s more, the receptor controls a cation channel that is highly permeable to multiple monovalent ions and calcium[4].
[1] Molecular structure of ionotropic glutamate receptors. A.A. Kaczor, D. Matosiuk. Curr Med Chem. 2010,17, 2608-2635.
[2] AMPA receptors as drug targets in neurological disease--advantages, caveats, and future outlook. P.K. Chang, D. Verbich, R.A. McKinney. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2012, 35, 1908-1916.
[3] Kainate receptors. P. Pinheiro, C. Mulle. Cell and Tissue Research. 2006, 326, 457-482.
[4] The Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors in Pain: A Review. A.B. Petrenko et al. Anest. Analg. 2003, 97, 1108-1116
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3088 | 1-BCP | Brain-penetrant modulator of AMPA receptor | €75.00 | |
3415 | AMPA | Highly selective AMPA receptor agonist | €110.00 | |
1217 | CFM 2 | AMPA antagonist | €115.00 | |
2079 | CMPDA | Positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor | €85.00 | |
1200 | CNQX | AMPA/Kainate antagonist | €85.00 | |
2522 | CNQX disodium salt | AMPA/Kainate antagonist | €90.00 | |
3089 | CX516 | Positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor | €70.00 | |
3090 | CX546 | Positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor | €95.00 | |
1201 | DNQX | AMPA/Kainate antagonist | €50.00 | |
2687 | Farampator | Second-generation ampakine that potentiates AMPA receptor function | €99.00 | |
1374 | GYKI 53655 | AMPA antagonist | €130.00 | |
2793 | JNJ 55511118 | Negative modulator of AMPA receptor (TARP-γ8 selective) | €95.00 | |
1788 | S 18986 | Positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptor | €105.00 | |
1312 | YM 90K hydrochloride | AMPA antagonist | €85.00 |