Ubiquitin
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) targets numerous cellular proteins for degradation. It is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that plays major roles in a variety of basic cellular processes[1]. Degradation of a protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway involves two discrete and successive steps: (1) tagging of the substrate by covalent attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules to synthesize the polyubiquitin chain proteolytic signal and (2) degradation of the tagged protein by the 26S proteasome complex with release of free and reusable ubiquitin catalyzed by ubiquitin-recycling enzymes (DUBs)[2]. Conjugation of ubiquitin to the protein substrate proceeds via a three-step cascade mechanism. Initially, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 activates ubiquitin in an ATP-requiring reaction resulting in a high-energy thiol ester intermediate. Subsequently, this intermediate is transferred to a member of the ubiquitin-carrier proteins family of enzymes, E2 (also known as a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme [UBC]). Finally, from E2, the activated ubiquitin moiety is attached to the substrate that is specifically bound to an E3, a member of the ubiquitin-protein ligase family of proteins[3]. By successively adding additional activated ubiquitin moieties to internal Lys residues on the previously conjugated ubiquitin molecule, a polyubiquitin chain is synthesized. The degradation signal that is recognized by the 26S proteasome complex is made of a Lys48 polyubiquitin chain. In contrast, monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination with chains linked together via Lys63 serve as nonproteolytic signals in intracellular trafficking, DNA repair, activation of transcription and other signal transduction pathways[4].
[1] Drug discovery in the ubiquitin–proteasome system. G. Nalepa, M. Rolfe, J.W.Harper. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery2006, 5, 596-613.
[2] Mechanisms of Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341-induced G2-M-Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. Y Ling et al. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9, 1145-1154.
[3] R.J. Deshaies, C.A.P. Joazeiro. RING Domain E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2009, 78, 399-434.
[4] The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Sometimes the Chicken, Sometimes the Egg. A.Ciechanover, P. Brundin. Neuron 2003, 40, 427–446.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2645 | CC-885 | Cereblon (CRBN) modulator with potent anti-tumour activity | €120.00 | |
3292 | dCeMM1 | Glue degrader of RBM39 | €110.00 | |
3470 | Homo-PROTAC cereblon degrader 1 | Highly potent and efficient CRBN degrader; PROTAC | €230.00 | |
3466 | MT-802 | Potent and rapid degrader of BTK; PROTAC | €280.00 | |
3927 | NVP-DKY709 | First-in-class selective CRBN glue degrader of IKZF2 | €220.00 | |
3639 | PTX80 | First-in-class inhibitor of protein degradation by targeting p62/SQSTM1 | €120.00 |