Signaling Pathways
A basic property of living systems is the ability to respond to extracellular signals by evoking an internal response. Signal-transduction cascades mediate the sensing and processing of these stimuli. These molecular circuits detect, amplify, and integrate diverse external signals to generate responses such as changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, phenotypic alterations, or ion-channel activity. Signal-transduction pathways follow a broadly similar course that can be viewed as a molecular circuit. Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. Subsequently, second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior. Particularly important second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, (IP3), and diacylglycerol. While these second messengers are free to move, they can easily diffuse to other compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus, where they can influence gene expression and other processes. Interestingly, signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers, since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell. Thus, a low concentration of signal in the environment, even as little as a single molecule, can yield a large intracellular signal and response. Besides this phenomenon, cross-talk between two or more signaling cascades may occur, which permits more finely tuned regulation of cell activity than would the action of individual independent pathways[1]
[1] Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism. Biochemistry. 5th edition. J.M. Berg, J.L.Tymoczko, L. Stryer.New York, 2002.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1831 | A 66 | PI3K inhibitor (p110-α specific) | €95.00 | |
2857 | Acalisib | PI3K inhibitor (p110 δ specific) | €120.00 | |
2540 | Akt Inhibitor VIII | Inhibitor of Akt1 and 2 with significant off-side effects (CaMKIα and AhR) | €95.00 | |
2925 | Alpelisib | PI3K inhibitor (p110-α specific) | €90.00 | |
3827 | AMG-511 | Orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective pan-class I phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor | Inquire | |
1424 | AS 252424 | PI3K inhibitor (p110-γ specific) | €85.00 | |
1436 | AS 252424 bispotassium salt | PI3K inhibitor (p110-γ specific) | €95.00 | |
2748 | Autophinib | PIK3C3/Vps34 inhibitor | €120.00 | |
3996 | AZD2014 | Orally bioavailable dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor | Inquire | |
3808 | AZD3458 | Orally bioavailable potent and selective PI3Kγ inhibitor | Inquire | |
1859 | AZD5363 dihydrochloride | Inhibitor of protein kinase B (Akt) | €90.00 | |
2926 | AZD6482 | PI3K inhibitor (p110 β specific) | €120.00 | |
1561 | AZD8055 | mTOR inhibitor | €80.00 | |
3690 | AZD8186 | PI3Kβ/δ isoform-selective inhibitor | Inquire | |
3055 | B591 | Potent, specific class I PI3K inhibitor | €125.00 | |
1282 | BAG 956 | PI3K and PDPK1 inhibitor | €95.00 | |
3778 | BAY-091 | First potent and highly selective PIP4K2A inhibitor | €130.00 | |
3598 | BAY-091 hydrochloride | First potent and highly selective PIP4K2A inhibitor | €130.00 | |
3942 | BAY-1082439 | PI3Kα/β-balanced inhibitor | Inquire | |
1281 | BEZ 235 | PI3K and mTOR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | €50.00 | |
2801 | BQR695 | PI4K inhibitor | €105.00 | |
1390 | BX 795 | PDPK1, TBK1 and IKK inhibitor | €60.00 | |
3350 | BX 795 hydrochloride | PDPK1, TBK1 and IKK inhibitor | €80.00 | |
1130 | BX 912 | PDPK1 inhibitor | €80.00 | |
2170 | CAL 101 | PI3K inhibitor (p110 δ specific) | €95.00 | |
4038 | CEP-37440 hydrochloride | Potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of ALK anf FAK | Inquire | |
2039 | CZC 24832 | PI3K inhibitor (p110-γ specific) | €95.00 | |
1719 | D 106669 | Potent and selective PI3K inhibitor | €85.00 | |
1239 | Deguelin | Akt inhibitor | €110.00 | |
2630 | eCF309 | Highly selective and potent inhibitor of mTOR signalling | €85.00 |