Signaling Pathways
A basic property of living systems is the ability to respond to extracellular signals by evoking an internal response. Signal-transduction cascades mediate the sensing and processing of these stimuli. These molecular circuits detect, amplify, and integrate diverse external signals to generate responses such as changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, phenotypic alterations, or ion-channel activity. Signal-transduction pathways follow a broadly similar course that can be viewed as a molecular circuit. Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. Subsequently, second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior. Particularly important second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, (IP3), and diacylglycerol. While these second messengers are free to move, they can easily diffuse to other compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus, where they can influence gene expression and other processes. Interestingly, signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers, since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell. Thus, a low concentration of signal in the environment, even as little as a single molecule, can yield a large intracellular signal and response. Besides this phenomenon, cross-talk between two or more signaling cascades may occur, which permits more finely tuned regulation of cell activity than would the action of individual independent pathways[1]
[1] Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism. Biochemistry. 5th edition. J.M. Berg, J.L.Tymoczko, L. Stryer.New York, 2002.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2385 | WZ 4003 | Specific dual inhibitor of NUAK1 (ARK5) and NUAK2 (SNARK) | €80.00 | |
1865 | Stemregenin 1 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist | €105.00 | |
2627 | SMER 28 | Small molecule enhancer of rapamycin that enhances autophagy | €80.00 | |
3051 | Pifithrin-β | Inhibitor of p53 protein; Condensation product of Pifithrin-α | €95.00 | |
1871 | Pifithrin-α hydrobromide | Inhibitor of p53 protein | €95.00 | |
2600 | PF 06463922 | Potent, orally available and brain-penetrant ALK/ROS1 selective inhibitor | €105.00 | |
1416 | NVP-TAE684 | NPM-ALK inhibitor | €50.00 | |
3277 | NSC194598 | p53 DNA-binding inhibitor | Recently added | €130.00 |
3270 | Lj-1-60 | Fyn inhibitor targeting the Fyn/Stat3 pathway | €90.00 | |
2224 | LDK 378 | Potent, bioavailable, and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor | €95.00 | |
2349 | JSH 23 | Inhibitor of NF-κB transcription and nuclear translocation of p65 without affecting IκBα degradation | €95.00 | |
2080 | EVP 4593 | NF-κB activation inhibitor; inhibits SOC pathway | €110.00 | |
2496 | Dimethylcelecoxib, 2,5- | Celecoxib analog with anti-tumor properties, lacking COX-2 inhibitory activity | €75.00 | |
2879 | CP 31398 | Stabilizer of p53 and inducer of apoptosis | €95.00 | |
3035 | Compound 10 |
Tool compound targeting the NFAT:AP-1 transcriptional complex on DNA. |
€150.00 |