Signaling Pathways
A basic property of living systems is the ability to respond to extracellular signals by evoking an internal response. Signal-transduction cascades mediate the sensing and processing of these stimuli. These molecular circuits detect, amplify, and integrate diverse external signals to generate responses such as changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, phenotypic alterations, or ion-channel activity. Signal-transduction pathways follow a broadly similar course that can be viewed as a molecular circuit. Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. Subsequently, second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior. Particularly important second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, (IP3), and diacylglycerol. While these second messengers are free to move, they can easily diffuse to other compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus, where they can influence gene expression and other processes. Interestingly, signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers, since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell. Thus, a low concentration of signal in the environment, even as little as a single molecule, can yield a large intracellular signal and response. Besides this phenomenon, cross-talk between two or more signaling cascades may occur, which permits more finely tuned regulation of cell activity than would the action of individual independent pathways[1]
[1] Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism. Biochemistry. 5th edition. J.M. Berg, J.L.Tymoczko, L. Stryer.New York, 2002.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1683 | Y 27632 dihydrochloride | ROCK1 and ROCK2 inhibitor | €65.00 | |
2381 | WH-4-023 | Orally active src-family selective lck inhibitor | €90.00 | |
1562 | TWS 119 | GSK-3β inhibitor | €70.00 | |
1854 | TTP 22 | Inhibitor of Casein kinase 2 (CK2) | €105.00 | |
2560 | Tilfrinib | Brk inhibitor with antiproliferative activity in breast tumor cells | €95.00 | |
1535 | Thiazovivin | ROCK inhibitor and iPSC stimulator; Stem cell related | €90.00 | |
2010 | TDZD 8 | Selective and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β | €90.00 | |
3232 | TAK-788 | Potent and selective EGFR and ErbB-2/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor | €70.00 | |
5006 | Stem Cell CSD inhibitor Set | Set of CHIR 99021, SU5402, and DAPT, inhibitors of GSK-3, FGFR, and γ-secretase, resp. | €140.00 | |
2130 | Stem Cell Alternative 2i inhibitor Set | Set of SRC inhibitor CGP77675 (Axon 2097) and GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (Axon 1386) | €100.00 | |
5007 | Stem Cell 5i inhibitor Set | Set of five inhibitors for neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. | €200.00 | |
5009 | Stem Cell 4i inhibitor Set | Set of Thiazovivin, SB 431542, PD 0325901, and CHIR 99021 (inhibitors of ROCK, TGF-β, MEK, and GSK-3 resp.) | €170.00 | |
2547 | SR 3029 | A potent, highly specific CK1δ/CK1ε inhibitor | €135.00 | |
1635 | Sotrastaurin | PKC inhibitor | €60.00 | |
1923 | SMI 4a | ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of Pim kinases | €75.00 |