Signaling Pathways
A basic property of living systems is the ability to respond to extracellular signals by evoking an internal response. Signal-transduction cascades mediate the sensing and processing of these stimuli. These molecular circuits detect, amplify, and integrate diverse external signals to generate responses such as changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, phenotypic alterations, or ion-channel activity. Signal-transduction pathways follow a broadly similar course that can be viewed as a molecular circuit. Upon an environmental signal, Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior. Subsequently, second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior. Particularly important second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, (IP3), and diacylglycerol. While these second messengers are free to move, they can easily diffuse to other compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus, where they can influence gene expression and other processes. Interestingly, signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers, since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell. Thus, a low concentration of signal in the environment, even as little as a single molecule, can yield a large intracellular signal and response. Besides this phenomenon, cross-talk between two or more signaling cascades may occur, which permits more finely tuned regulation of cell activity than would the action of individual independent pathways[1]
[1] Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism. Biochemistry. 5th edition. J.M. Berg, J.L.Tymoczko, L. Stryer.New York, 2002.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3114 | Vorinostat | HDAC inhibitor | €45.00 | |
2418 | UNC 0379 | Substrate competitive inhibitor of the H4K20 HMTase SETD8 | €125.00 | |
2518 | UF 010 | Class I selective HDAC inhibitor that inhibits cancer cell proliferation | €60.00 | |
2893 | Tucidinostat | Orally bioavailable HDAC inhibitor (1, 2, 3, 10 Selective) | €95.00 | |
2004 | Tubastatin A hydrochloride | Potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor | €95.00 | |
2180 | TMP 195 | HDAC inhibitor (class IIA selective) | €110.00 | |
2996 | TH 34 | HDAC inhibitor (6, 8, 10 Selective) | €120.00 | |
2339 | TH 1834 | Tip60 histone acetyltransferase inhibitor | €135.00 | |
2249 | Tenovin 6 | Small water soluble p53 activator and SIRT inhibitor | €105.00 | |
2008 | Tenovin 1 | Activates p53 through inhibition of SIRT 1 and 2 | €70.00 | |
1875 | SRT 1720 tetrahydrochloride | Activator of the sirtuin subtype SIRT1 | €95.00 | |
2209 | Sodium butyrate | Noncompetitive inhibitor of multiple histone deacetylases (HDACs) | €50.00 | |
2968 | SIRT7 inhibitor 97491 | Inhibitor of SIRT7 | €135.00 | |
2453 | SirReal 2 | SIRT2 inhibitor with >1000 fold selectivity over SIRT1 and SIRT3 | €95.00 | |
1956 | Selisistat | Potent and selective SIRT1 inhibitor | €90.00 |