Apoptosis
The number of cells in multicellular organism is tightly regulated. Not simply by controlling the rate of cell division, but also by controlling the rate of cell death. If cells are no longer needed, they commit suicide by activating an intracellular death program. This process is therefore called programmed cell death or apoptosis (from a Greek word meaning “falling off,” as leaves from a tree). The intrinsic apoptotic pathway occurs by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is caused by the binding of death ligands, such as TNF (tumor necrosis factor), Fas, and TRAIL (TNF-related-apoptosis-inducing ligand), to their corresponding receptors. Although programmed cell death is involved in a number of key biological phenomena, aberrant apoptosis results in diverse human diseases [1].
The amount of apoptosis that occurs in developing and adult animal tissues is surprisingly large. In the developing vertebrate nervous system up to half or more of the nerve cells normally die soon after they are formed. In a healthy adult human, billions of cells die in the bone marrow and intestine every hour. Although this process seems remarkably wasteful -especially as the vast majority are perfectly healthy at the time they kill themselves- programmed cell death plays an important role during embryonic development, as hands and feet, for example, are sculpted by apoptosis: they start out as spadelike structures, and the individual digits separate only as the cells between them die. In other cases, cells die when the structure they form is no longer needed. When a tadpole changes into a frog, the cells in the tail die, and the tail, which is not needed in the frog, disappears. In many other cases, cell death helps regulate cell numbers. In the developing nervous system, for example, cell death adjusts the number of nerve cells to match the number of target cells that require innervation. In all these cases, the cells die by apoptosis as well[2].
[2] D.R. Williams et al. An apoptosis-inducing small molecule that binds to heat shock protein 70. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2008, 47, 7466-7469.
[1] B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York. Garland Science, 2002.
Axon ID | Name | Description | From price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3076 | TJ191 | Potent and selective anti-cancer agent targeting low TβRIII-expressing malignant T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells | €120.00 | |
5005 | Stem Cell LSC inhibitor Set | Set of LDN 193189 HCl, SB 431542 and CHIR99021, inhibitors of BMP, TGF-β, and GSK-3 resp. | €130.00 | |
5004 | Stem Cell LSB inhibitor Set | Set of BMP inhibitor LDN 193189 (Axon 1509) and TGF-β inhibitor SB 431542 (Axon 1661) | €90.00 | |
2943 | SRI-011381 hydrochloride | TGF-β signaling agonist | €125.00 | |
2903 | SJ000291942 | Activator of the canonical BMP signaling pathway | €95.00 | |
1387 | SD 208 | TGF-βR 1 inhibitor | €50.00 | |
2285 | SB 525334 | Potent and selective inhibitor of the TGF-βR1 (ALK5) receptor | €105.00 | |
2197 | SB 505124 | Selective inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptors ALK4 and ALK5 | €95.00 | |
1661 | SB 431542 | TGF-βR1 inhibitor; ALK inhibitor | €70.00 | |
3404 | LY-364947 | Potent, selective and ATP-competitive TGF-βR 1 inhibitor | €90.00 | |
1491 | LY 2157299 | TGF-βR2 inhibitor | €60.00 | |
2201 | LDN 212854 trihydrochloride | Potent ALK2-biased BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor | €110.00 | |
3552 | LDN 212854 | Potent ALK2-biased BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor | €110.00 | |
1509 | LDN 193189 hydrochloride | Highly potent small molecule inhibitor of BMP type I receptors ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6 | €65.00 | |
2189 | K 02288 | Inhibitor of BMP signaling. Inhibits ALK1, 2, and 6 | €90.00 | |
2323 | ITD 1 | Selective inhibitor of TGFβ/Smad signaling that promotes cardiogenesis | €105.00 | |
2236 | IN 1130 | TGF-βR 1 inhibitor | €95.00 | |
1832 | GW 788388 | TGF-βR 1 inhibitor | €50.00 | |
2150 | Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride | Inhibitor of BMP signaling. Inhibits ALK2, 3 and 6 | €65.00 | |
1708 | Dorsomorphin | Inhibitor of BMP signaling. Inhibits ALK2, 3 and 6 | €65.00 | |
1421 | A 83-01 | TGF-βR 1 inhibitor; ALK 5 inhibitor | €70.00 | |
1744 | A 77-01 | TGF-βR 1 inhibitor; ALK 5 inhibitor | €80.00 | |
2467 | (+)-ITD-1 | Selective inhibitor of TGFβ/Smad signaling that promotes cardiogenesis | €165.00 |