Dopamine receptors (GPCR-A17) are widespread in the body of vertebrates, playing major roles in processes of the central nervous system, as well as in the periphery. In the CNS, dopaminergic neurons are critically  involved in voluntary movement, memory, learning, sleep, attention, feeding, and rewarding, Well known examples of disorders as a result of malfunction of the central dopaminergic system are Parkinson’s disease (loss of striatal dopaminergic innervations in the brain), schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, and addiction (among many others). In the periphery, dopamine plays important physiological roles in the regulation of olfaction, retinal processes, hormonal regulation, cardiovascular functions, sympathetic regulation, immune system, renal functions, and more[1]. Five major classes (D1-D5) have been identified thus far, which can be grouped into two sub classes. The group of D1-like receptors (members D1 and D5; all stimulating the second messenger system adenylate cyclase), and the group of D2-like receptors (members D2, D3 and D4; all inhibiting adenylate cyclase). As widespread and abundant as  dopaminergic neurons are in the body of vertebrates, as comprehensive and diverse is the list of Axon Ligands™ interacting at all subtypes of dopaminergic receptors (selectively, or specific combinations).
Many Axon Ligands™ in this category of compounds are labeled antipsychotic (typical, or atypical), since many of the common drugs to treat this class of mental disorders show affinity for both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors (among several others). The first generation of antipsychotics (typical), developed in the 1950’s consisted of mainly phenothiazines (chlorpromazine)[2], and butyrophenones (haloperidol)[3]. Though still considered benchmark antipsychotics[4], they are known for there unwanted side effects such as dry mouth, extra pyramidal side effects, and tardive dyskinesia[5]. The atypical antipshychotics, or second generation antipsychotics, are less likely to cause the afore mentioned side effects, and improve the quality of live compared to the typical antipsychotics. However, this class of drugs is also far from free of side effects[6]. Among them, many Clozapine (Axon 1146) analogues, Aripiprazole (Axon 1143), and Ziprazidone (Axon 1446).

Dopamine receptor subtypes listed: D1, D2, D3, D4